Music Instruments of Papua New Guinea

Musical instruments observed in Papua New Guinea and the adjacent islands have been classified according to the nature of the vibrating medium by Kunst and Fischer. In the classification developed by the German musicologists Hornbostel and Sachs, the instruments are divided into four groups.

Idiophones

These are instruments made of sonorous materials set in vibration directly by the player's action - i.e. they produce sound through the material from which it is made, without needing strings or stretched skin. A percussion idiophone is struck with a smaller implement, usually a stick. The hollowed log and the slit-drum (garamut in Pidgin) are among instruments belonging to this group. Large slit-drums are played in alyeration with smaller drums producing notes of different pitch. Other kinds of idiophones are rattled ( seed pods ); scraped by a rasp or serrated-edged stick or bone, such as those inserted in gourd containers; rubbed , notably the launut of New ireland; and stamped upon or vibrated by sticks or tubes simulating feet, eg. the stamped idiophones of the Baining people in New Britian.

Bamboo mouth harps are sometimes classed as plucked idiophones. Included among the idiophones that come into contact with water are water gongs sounded while immersed during dance ceremonies of the nokoi society and wooden stamping tubes, the ends of which are plunged into a pool of water in the course of initiation ceremonies in the Sepik region.

Membranophones

These are instruments that produce sound by the vibration of a stretched skin. Drums in New Guinea which belong to this class have a lizard skin stretched across only one opening of the tubular resonating chamber. The skin or head is set in vibration by the striking hand. A handle may be carved as part of the body of the drum. The Pidgin English term kundu generally applies to all skin-drums.

Resonating chambers of New Guinea drums may be cylindrical, conical, or hour-glass shaped. Skins may be glued or fastened by a hoop of cane to the opening of the drum. In many areas small pellets of wax adhering to the centre of the head assist in maintaining the tension and consequently the skin-drum's pitch.

Chordophones

These are instruments with stretched strings set in vibration by plucking or striking. Strings may be added to the material from which the instrument has been constructed or may actually form part of it. A type found among groups living in the Sepik River area consists of a strand from the mid rib of a sago frond, elevated and tightened at each end by wedges or by a central support. Two notes of different pitch may be sounded, one on each side of the bridge.

 

Aerophones

These are instruments consisting of tubes or vessels, the enclosed air being set in vibration by different methods of blowing. Tubular aerophones may be stopped or open pipes; end-blown or side-blown. Examples of which are as follows:

 

• Paired flutes, stopped and side-blown are longest in the Sepik region.
• End-blown Ari flutes are used in rites in the Trans-Fly region.
• Gourd horns (kanggur ) are used by the Siane people in the Eastern Highlands.

• Wooden trumpets (kurudu) are played near Sohano on Bouganville
• Twelve-foot bamboo trumpets (dige ) are used during initiations in the Madang area.

Vessel aerophones or Ocarinas are made from small coconuts or clay. Free aerophones cover whirling devices, including bullroarers, leaf-whizzers and spinning tops made from coconut shells.

Source: Ryan, P. (Gen.ed) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea Vol. 2 L-Z. Melbourne University Press. Melbourne.